Fear of relapse and quality of life in multiple sclerosis: The mediating role of psychological resilience.

The goal of this study was to examine the mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between fear of relapse and quality of life in a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). This cross-sectional study was developed online. A total of 240 PwMS were surveyed using the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life inventory, the Fear of Relapse Scale and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. To perform the mediation analysis PROCESS macro was used. In our study, fear of relapse was a predictor of psychological resilience and quality of life, and psychological resilience was a predictor of quality of life. Finally, psychological resilience showed a mediating role in the relationship between fear of relapse and quality of life. Considering that resilience is a modifiable variable, the implementation of interventions aimed at enhancing resilience can have a favorable impact on the psychological well-being and quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis.

Correction to: Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8.].

Conocimiento sobre factores protectores y de riesgo en las demencias

Introducción: La exploración de creencias y conocimientos sobre la demencia y su prevención permite conocer las concepciones erróneas sobre la salud cerebral y cognitiva, el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo para la demencia y las acciones implementadas por la población general para prevenir el declive cognitivo. La determinación de los factores protectores o de riesgo, permite el diseño de intervenciones encaminadas a potenciar el conocimiento sobre la prevención de las demencias. Objetivo: Explorar la evidencia disponible acerca de los factores protectores y de riesgo que tienen un impacto sobre la demencia y que incrementan o reducen el riesgo de desarrollarla; así como el nivel de conocimiento existente en el público general sobre la demencia y su prevención. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y documental en fuentes de datos digitales. Para la búsqueda se utilizaron, en inglés y español, las siguientes palabras clave: "conocimiento público sobre demencia", "factores protectores", "factores de riesgo", "prevención de demencia". Las consultas se realizaron en Scopus, EBSCO Health, PubMed (buscador), SciELO y PsycINFO. Conclusiones: La evidencia acumulada hasta la fecha sobre algunos factores, tales como dieta, nivel de colesterol, hipertensión, obesidad, depresión, inactividad física y cognitiva, y hábito de fumar, sustentan la importancia del estilo de vida en la prevención de las demencias. Las investigaciones sugieren que el conocimiento sobre el potencial para la prevención de la demencia es pobre, por lo que se hacen necesarios programas que incrementen el conocimiento público sobre la demencia y qué hacer para prevenirla.

Introduction: The exploration of beliefs and knowledge about dementia and its prevention provides insight into misconceptions about brain and cognitive health, as well as knowledge about the risk factors for dementia and regarding actions implemented by the general population to prevent cognitive decline. The determination of protective or risk factors allows the design of interventions aimed at enhancing knowledge about dementia prevention. Objective: To explore the available evidence about the protective and risk factors that have an impact on dementia and that increase or reduce the risk of developing it; as well as the level of existing knowledge among the general public about dementia and its prevention. Methods: A literature and document review was carried out in digital data sources. The following keywords, in English and Spanish, were used for the search: conocimiento público sobre demencia [public knowledge about dementia], factores protectores [protective factors], factores de riesgo [risk factors], prevención de demencia [dementia prevention]. The consultations were performed in Scopus, EBSCO Health, PubMed (search engine), SciELO and PsycINFO. Conclusions: Up to date, the accumulated evidence about some factors, such as diet, cholesterol level, hypertension, obesity, depression, physical and cognitive inactivity, and smoking support the importance of lifestyle in dementia prevention. Research suggests that knowledge about the potential for dementia prevention is poor; therefore, programs are needed to increase public knowledge about dementia and about what to do to prevent it.

Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health emergency that could potentially have a serious impact on public health. Fear has been one of the most frequent psychological reaction in the population during the current pandemic. The aim of this study was to compare fear of COVID-19 between genders and to examine whether the differences between genders may be predictors of fear of COVID-19 scores. A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample comprised 772 Cuban participants. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was used to explore fear reactions in the sample. An independent-samples t test was conducted to compare the fear of COVID-19 scores between genders, and multinomial logistic regression was modeling to identify variables independently associated with fear of coronavirus. In our sample, on average, female participants experienced significantly greater fear of COVID-19 than men. The gender of participants significantly predicted the level of fear of COVID-19. Being female was a predictor of medium and high levels of fear of COVID-19. The odds of a female with middle fear levels compared to low fear was 3.13 times more than for a male, and the odds of a female with high fear levels compared to low fear was 3.45 times more than for a male. Our results corroborate international research that indicate a greater psychological vulnerability in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. This result points to the need to design interventions that reduce the negative impact of the current outbreak on women's mental health.

Adaptation of the Cuban version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.

This study explores the psychometric properties of the Cuban version of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). The sample comprised 376 Cuban participants. Concurrent validity and reliability were examined. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The CAS showed excellent psychometric characteristics. The internal consistency was very good (α = 0.88). There was a positive correlation between the CAS and the FCV-19S and an inverse association between anxiety and self-perceived quality of health. The results confirmed the presence of a single factor. The CAS is a valid and reliable instrument to explore the experience of anxiety in the Cuban population.

Sociodemographic factors associated with public knowledge of dementia in a Cuban population / Fatores sociodemográficos associados ao conhecimento público sobre demência em uma população cubana

ABSTRACT International organizations estimate that a new dementia is diagnosed every 3 s. Objectives: To explore the knowledge and beliefs among a cross-section of the adult population of Cuba with regard to dementia risk factors and to determine the demographic variables related with it. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 1,004 Cubans. Methods: The survey measured the importance placed on dementia, risk reduction knowledge, and the actions to prevent it. Logistic regression was undertaken to identify variables associated with knowledge. Results: Many respondents (47.5%) believe that dementia risk reduction should start before the age of 40. Cognitive stimulation and physical activities were selected with major frequency. Being older than 48 years, having previous contact with dementia, and university education increases the probability of having healthy lifestyles. Conclusions: The exploration of demographic variables allows the prediction of likelihood to know about or have positive beliefs in relation to dementia. They should be contemplated into strategies for dementia prevention in Cuban population.

RESUMO Organizações internacionais estimam que um novo diagnóstico de demência seja feito a cada três segundos. Objetivos: Explorar o conhecimento e as crenças da população adulta cubana com relação aos fatores de risco de demência e determinar as variáveis demográficas a eles relacionados mediante um estudo de seção transversal. Um levantamento transversal foi realizado com 1.004 cubanos. Métodos: A pesquisa mediu a importância atribuída à demência, o conhecimento sobre redução de risco e as ações para preveni-la. Regressão logística foi realizada para identificar variáveis associadas ao conhecimento. Resultados: Muitos entrevistados (47,5%) acreditam que a redução do risco de demência deve começar antes dos 40 anos. A estimulação cognitiva e as atividades físicas foram selecionadas com maior frequência. Ter mais de 48 anos, contato prévio com demência e formação universitária aumentaram a probabilidade de ter estilos de vida saudáveis. Conclusões: A exploração de variáveis demográficas permite predizer a probabilidade de conhecer ou ter crenças positivas em relação à demência. Variáveis demográficas devem ser contempladas nas estratégias de prevenção de demência na população cubana.

Anxiety, Health Self-Perception, and Worry About the Resurgence of COVID-19 Predict Fear Reactions Among Genders in the Cuban Population.

The resurgence of COVID-19 could deepen the psychological impacts of the pandemic which poses new challenges for mental health professionals. Among the actions that should be prioritized is the monitoring of the groups that have shown greater psychological vulnerability during the first stage of the pandemic. The first aim of our study is to explore the fear reactions to COVID-19 between genders during the second wave of the outbreak in Cuba. Second, establish possible predictors of fear of COVID-19 in relation to gender. Specifically, we will evaluate how anxiety related to COVID-19, health self-perception, and worry about the resurgence of COVID-19 predict fear reactions among women and men in the Cuban population. A cross-sectional online study was designed. The research was conducted between August 16 and October 18, 2020. A total of 373 people completed the online survey. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were used. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the fear, worry, anxiety and self-perceived health scores, between genders. The relationship between those variables and fear of COVID-19, was investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Finally, multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the possible associations (predictors) related to fear of COVID-19. In our study, women, compared to men, presented greater fear reactions, greater concern about resurgence of COVID-19 and poorer self-perceived health. Anxiety reactions in our sample showed no differences between genders. In women, anxiety of COVID-19, worry about resurgence of COVID-19, and self-perceived health are associated with fear reactions to COVID-19. In the case of men, the self-perceived health showed no associations with fear reactions. Our results confirm the results of several related investigations during the first wave of the pandemic where women have shown greater psychological vulnerability compared to men. However, we cannot rule out that the real impact of the pandemic on mental health in men is much greater than that described by the studies conducted to date. Additional studies are needed on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on men.

The Risk Perception COVID-19 Scale (RP-COVID19-S): Initial Validation and Its Relationship with Gender and Age in a Cuban Population Sample.

BACKGROUND: Risk perception about COVID-19 constitutes an important variable contributing to promotion of personal protection practices. The aims of this study were to exploring the factorial structure of the risk perception COVID-19 scale (RP-COVID19-S) in a sample of Cuban adults and to identify its relationship with variables such as gender and age. METHODS: A cross-sectional web-based survey design was conducted. The sample comprised 394 Cuban participants. Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) was used to explore internal factorial structure of the scale. Logistic regression was modeling to identify variables independently associated with RP about COVID-19. RESULTS: CATPCA allowed identifying a three-dimensional factorial structure into the scale: knowledge and beliefs, emotional reactions and behavioral dissonance, and motivations for change. The odds of a woman with middle RP compared to low RP was 2.17 times more than for a man. Also, the odds of a woman with high knowledge and beliefs compared to low knowledge and beliefs were 1.96 times more than for a man. The odds of a person in older group, with middle risk perception compared with low level, was 5.0 (global risk perception), 3.33 (knowledge and beliefs), and 3.13 (emotional reactions and behavioral dissonance) times more than for a person in younger group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Risk Perception to COVD-19 Scale (RP-COVID-19-S) showed satisfactory psychometric properties to evaluated risk perception related to COVID-19 in Cuban population sample. Middle level of global risk perception was found in the sample. High level of risk perception about COVID-19 was found on participants older than 42 years old and in woman.

Efectos de la intervención neurocognitiva en adultos mayores. Una revision sistemática / Effects of neurocognitive intervention in older adults. A systematic review

RESUMEN Fundamento La necesidad de la intervención neurocognitiva en adultos mayores, así como las diversas posturas en cuanto a sus beneficios, justifican la pertinencia de sistematizar las disímiles propuestas de intervención neurocognitiva en personas con y sin déficits cognitivos. Reviste vital importancia el conocimiento del impacto de dichas intervenciones en la salud cognitiva de estas personas. Objetivo describir, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica, los efectos de la intervención neurocognitiva sobre la salud cognitiva en adultos mayores sanos, y en adultos mayores con deterioro cognitivo leve o demencia. Métodos se realizó estudio descriptivo, que consistió en una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica sobre el tema; y partió de la búsqueda en las bases de datos: PubMed, PsycInfo, Scielo, Cochrane y EBSCO, de agosto a diciembre de 2018. Se empleó la Declaración PRISMA. Fueron encontrados 426 artículos. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión, exclusión y salida, y analizar el efecto de solapamiento, conformaron la muestra seis artículos. Resultados las principales formas de intervención neurocognitiva fueron la estimulación y el entrenamiento. La modalidad empleada con mayor frecuencia fue la estimulación neurocognitiva. Se reportaron efectos de mejora en la velocidad de procesamiento, en la atención selectiva, planeación, tiempo de reacción, categorización, fluidez verbal, comprensión, reconocimiento visual y orientación. Conclusión La evidencia empírica existente sobre la puesta en práctica de programas de intervención neurocognitiva durante los últimos diez años señala caminos hacia la intervención efectiva y la mejora de la calidad de vida de los adultos.

ABSTRACT Background The need for neurocognitive intervention in older adults, as well as the various positions regarding its benefits, justify the relevance of systematizing the dissimilar proposals for neurocognitive intervention in people with and without cognitive deficits. Knowledge of the impact of these interventions on the cognitive health of these people is vitally important. Objective to describe, through a systematic review of the scientific literature, the effects of neurocognitive intervention on cognitive health in healthy older adults, and in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Methods a descriptive study was carried out, which consisted of a systematic review of the scientific literature on the subject; and started from the search in the databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Scielo, Cochrane and EBSCO, from August to December 2018. The PRISMA Declaration was used. 426 articles were found. After applying the inclusion, exclusion and exit criteria, and analyzing the overlap effect, six articles made up the sample. Results the main forms of neurocognitive intervention were stimulation and training. The most frequently used modality was neurocognitive stimulation. Effects of improvement in processing speed, selective attention, planning, reaction time, categorization, verbal fluency, comprehension, visual recognition and orientation were reported. Conclusion The existing empirical evidence on the implementation of neurocognitive intervention programs during the last ten years points to paths towards effective intervention and improvement of the quality of life of adults.

Fear of COVID-19, problems accessing medical appointments, and subjective experience of disease progression, predict anxiety and depression reactions in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: During the current COVID-19 pandemic there are studies that have suggested a negative impact of the pandemic on the mental health of patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). In this sense, several factors may be related to the increase in experiences of anxiety and depression in PwMS during the current pandemic. OBJECTIVE: In this study we first explored the reactions of anxiety, depression and fear to COVID-19 in a group of PwMS that belong to the Ibero-American region. Besides, we explored whether having been positive to COVID-19, fear of COVID-19, the obstacles to attend medical appointments during the outbreak and subjective experience of MS progression, could predict the anxiety and depression reactions in our PwMS sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted on 202 MS patients from six countries (Argentina, Mexico, Spain, Dominican Republic, Venezuela and Cuba). For comparisons between variables an independent-samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the effects of potential predictor variables over emotional reactions. RESULTS: Our results showed that PwMS who were positive for COVID-19 reported higher levels of fear of COVID-19 (p<.001) and also higher levels of anxiety (p<.001) compared to non-positive patients. Those patients who had difficulties attending their medical appointments during the outbreak showed higher levels of depression (p=.03) and anxiety (p=.019). Levels of anxiety (p<.001) and depression (p=.006) were also higher among patients with the subjective experience of MS disease progression. The reactions of fear of COVID-19, having been positive to COVID-19, problems attending medical appointments, and subjective experience of MS disease progression showed a high association with the negative impact of the pandemic on mental health of PwMS. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the situation generated by the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the mental health of PwMS in our sample. Our results also alert to the importance of offering psychological care to patients with multiple sclerosis during the current outbreak, regardless of whether they have been positive for COVID-19.

Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of the INECO Frontal Screening and the Frontal Assessment Battery in mild cognitive impairment.

The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) are two instruments frequently used to explore cognitive deficits in different diseases. However, studies reporting their use in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited. OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of FAB and IFS in mild cognitive impairment (multiple-domain amnestic MCI subtype - md-aMCI). METHODS: IFS and FAB were administered to 30 md-aMCI patients and 59 healthy participants. Sensitivity and specificity were investigated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of IFS for MCI patients was .82 (sensitivity=0.96; specificity=0.76), whereas the AUC of FAB was 0.74 (sensitivity=0.73; specificity=0.70). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to FAB, IFS showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the detection of executive dysfunctions in md-aMCI subtype. The use of IFS in everyday clinical practice would allow detecting the frontal dysfunctions in MCI patients with greater precision, enabling the early intervention and impeding the transition to more severe cognitive alterations.

A Bateria de Avaliação Frontal (FAB) e o teste de rastreio frontal do INECO (IFS) são dois instrumentos frequentemente utilizados para explorar déficits cognitivos em diferentes doenças. No entanto os estudos que relatam seu uso em pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve (MCI) são limitados. OBJETIVO: Comparar a sensibilidade e especificidade da FAB e IFS em comprometimento cognitivo leve (subtipo amnéstico de múltiplos domínios [md-aMCI]). MÉTODOS: O IFS e FAB foram administrados a 30 pacientes md-aMCI e 59 participantes saudáveis. A sensibilidade e a especificidade foram exploradas usando a análise ROC. RESULTADOS: A área sob a curva ROC (AUC) do IFS para pacientes com MCI foi de 0,82 (sensibilidade=0,96; especificidade=0,76), enquanto a AUC de FAB foi de 0,74 (sensibilidade=0,73; especificidade=0,70). CONCLUSÕES: Em comparação com o FAB, o IFS apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade para detecção de disfunções executivas no subtipo md-aMCI. O uso do INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) na prática clínica cotidiana, permitiria detectar com maior precisão as disfunções frontais em pacientes com deficiência cognitiva leve, possibilitando a intervenção precoce, impedindo a transição para alterações cognitivas mais graves.

Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of the INECO Frontal Screening and the Frontal Assessment Battery in mild cognitive impairment / Avaliação da sensibilidade e especificidade do teste de rastreio frontal do ineco e da bateria de avaliação frontal no comprometimento cognitivo leve

ABSTRACT. The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) are two instruments frequently used to explore cognitive deficits in different diseases. However, studies reporting their use in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of FAB and IFS in mild cognitive impairment (multiple-domain amnestic MCI subtype — md-aMCI). Methods: IFS and FAB were administered to 30 md-aMCI patients and 59 healthy participants. Sensitivity and specificity were investigated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of IFS for MCI patients was .82 (sensitivity=0.96; specificity=0.76), whereas the AUC of FAB was 0.74 (sensitivity=0.73; specificity=0.70). Conclusions: In comparison to FAB, IFS showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the detection of executive dysfunctions in md-aMCI subtype. The use of IFS in everyday clinical practice would allow detecting the frontal dysfunctions in MCI patients with greater precision, enabling the early intervention and impeding the transition to more severe cognitive alterations.

RESUMO. A Bateria de Avaliação Frontal (FAB) e o teste de rastreio frontal do INECO (IFS) são dois instrumentos frequentemente utilizados para explorar déficits cognitivos em diferentes doenças. No entanto os estudos que relatam seu uso em pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve (MCI) são limitados. Objetivo: Comparar a sensibilidade e especificidade da FAB e IFS em comprometimento cognitivo leve (subtipo amnéstico de múltiplos domínios [md-aMCI]). Métodos: O IFS e FAB foram administrados a 30 pacientes md-aMCI e 59 participantes saudáveis. A sensibilidade e a especificidade foram exploradas usando a análise ROC. Resultados: A área sob a curva ROC (AUC) do IFS para pacientes com MCI foi de 0,82 (sensibilidade=0,96; especificidade=0,76), enquanto a AUC de FAB foi de 0,74 (sensibilidade=0,73; especificidade=0,70). Conclusões: Em comparação com o FAB, o IFS apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade para detecção de disfunções executivas no subtipo md-aMCI. O uso do INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) na prática clínica cotidiana, permitiria detectar com maior precisão as disfunções frontais em pacientes com deficiência cognitiva leve, possibilitando a intervenção precoce, impedindo a transição para alterações cognitivas mais graves.

Sociodemographic factors associated with public knowledge of dementia in a Cuban population.

International organizations estimate that a new dementia is diagnosed every 3 s. Objectives: To explore the knowledge and beliefs among a cross-section of the adult population of Cuba with regard to dementia risk factors and to determine the demographic variables related with it. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 1,004 Cubans. Methods: The survey measured the importance placed on dementia, risk reduction knowledge, and the actions to prevent it. Logistic regression was undertaken to identify variables associated with knowledge. Results: Many respondents (47.5%) believe that dementia risk reduction should start before the age of 40. Cognitive stimulation and physical activities were selected with major frequency. Being older than 48 years, having previous contact with dementia, and university education increases the probability of having healthy lifestyles. Conclusions: The exploration of demographic variables allows the prediction of likelihood to know about or have positive beliefs in relation to dementia. They should be contemplated into strategies for dementia prevention in Cuban population.

Organizações internacionais estimam que um novo diagnóstico de demência seja feito a cada três segundos. Objetivos: Explorar o conhecimento e as crenças da população adulta cubana com relação aos fatores de risco de demência e determinar as variáveis demográficas a eles relacionados mediante um estudo de seção transversal. Um levantamento transversal foi realizado com 1.004 cubanos. Métodos: A pesquisa mediu a importância atribuída à demência, o conhecimento sobre redução de risco e as ações para preveni-la. Regressão logística foi realizada para identificar variáveis associadas ao conhecimento. Resultados: Muitos entrevistados (47,5%) acreditam que a redução do risco de demência deve começar antes dos 40 anos. A estimulação cognitiva e as atividades físicas foram selecionadas com maior frequência. Ter mais de 48 anos, contato prévio com demência e formação universitária aumentaram a probabilidade de ter estilos de vida saudáveis. Conclusões: A exploração de variáveis demográficas permite predizer a probabilidade de conhecer ou ter crenças positivas em relação à demência. Variáveis demográficas devem ser contempladas nas estratégias de prevenção de demência na população cubana.

Subjective Well-being during the Pandemic: A Pilot Study in the Cuban Population.

Background: The study of aspects related to positive mental health and well-being in the general population with a gender approach is a necessity in the current context imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To explore gender as a predictor of subjective well-being during COVID-19 in a sample of the Cuban population. Design: A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample consisted of 129 Cuban participants. The Subjective Well-being-Reduced Scale (SW-RS) was used to explore subjective well-being in the sample. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the participants' characteristics. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables independently associated with the participants' subjective well-being. Results: The gender of participants significantly predicted subjective well-being levels. The probability of males having middle or high levels of subjective well-being, rather than low levels, was 4.16 times greater than in females. The probability of males having a high self-image instead of a low one was 4.35 times greater than in females. According to the self-satisfaction dimension, the odds of males having high rather than low self-satisfaction were five times more than in females. In this sample, gender did not predict whether participants had middle or high levels of the hedonic dimension. Conclusion: Our results corroborated international studies that have indicated the coincidence of lower well-being and greater psychosocial risk in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results also indicated the need to dig deeper into the experiences of subjective well-being from a gender perspective, and to strengthen the sufficiency and effectiveness of the actions and guidance that are offered to the population from psychological care services, the media, and public policies.